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diff --git a/sem6/prob/m5/noter.tex b/sem6/prob/m5/noter.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bce20d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sem6/prob/m5/noter.tex @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +\title{Continuous Distributions} + +\section{Uniform} + +Select a points in the interval $[a, b]$. + +\begin{definition} + If a random variable $X \sim Uniform(a, b)$ then its PDF is: \[ + f_X(x) = \left\{ + \begin{array}{ll} + \frac{1}{b - a} & a < x < b \\ + 0 & x < a \wedge x > b + \end{array} + \right. + .\] +\end{definition} + +The mean value of $X$ is: \[ + E[X] = \frac{b+a}{2} +.\] + +And the variance is: \[ + Var(X) = \frac{(a-b)^{2}}{12} +.\] + +\section{Exponential} + +Used to model time in between events, or the lifetime of things. +This distribution can be seen as the continuous version of \emph{geometric distribution}. + +\begin{definition} + A random variable $X \sim Exponential(\lambda)$ has PDF: \[ + f_X(x) = \left\{ + \begin{array}{ll} + \lambda \cdot e^{-\lambda x} & x > 0 \\ + 0 + \end{array} + \right. + .\] +\end{definition} + +It has the CDF: \[ + F_X(x) = \left(1 - e^{-\lambda x}\right) u(x) +.\] + +The expected value is: \[ + E[X] = \frac{1}{\lambda} +.\] + +And the variance is: \[ + Var(X) = \frac{1}{\lambda^{2}} +.\] + +\begin{theorem} + An exponential random variable is \emph{memoryless} meaning: \[ + P(X > x + a | X > a) = P(X > x), \quad \mathrm{for} \; a, x \geq 0 + .\] +\end{theorem} + +\section{Gaussian or Normal distribution} + +The most important distribution is the normal distribution. + +\begin{definition} + A random variable $Z \sim N(0, 1)$ has PDF: \[ + f_Z(z) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \exp\left( - \frac{z^{2}}{2} \right), \quad \mathrm{for all} \; x \in \mathbb{R} + .\] + And $E[Z] = 0, \quad Var(Z) = 1$. +\end{definition} + +The scaling of the exponential function is to make sure that the area under the PDF is 1. + +The CDF of the normal distribution is denoted with $\Phi(x)$, and is defined with a nasty intergral which has to closed form. +This is often looked up in a table. + +\subsection{Scaling and shifting} + +One can scale and shift $N(0, 1)$ to make it have other variances and means. + +\[ + X = \sigma Z + \mu, \quad \mathrm{where} \; \sigma > 0 +.\] + +And in reverse $Z = \frac{X- \mu}{\sigma}$. + +Then $E[X] = \mu$ and $Var(X) = \sigma^{2}$. + +Meaning: \[ + X \sim N(\mu, \sigma^{2}) +.\] + +The probability of an interval can be found with: \[ + P(a < X \leq b) = \Phi\left(\frac{b - \mu}{\sigma}\right) - \Phi\left(\frac{a-\mu}{\sigma}\right) +.\] |